A lot of , but it was also a year to remember things that happened in other years.
That's right — we're diving into history with a year-end roundup of anniversaries.
It was 50 years ago that hip-hop began at . Exactly one month later, a brutal military coup in the South American country of Chile .
It's been 60 years since 250,000 people gathered in Washington, D.C., for the . President John F. Kennedy three months later.
Israel declared independence 75 years ago, while Palestinians mourned 75 years since the Nakba, .
Without further ado, here's a list of articles from 2023 about notable historical happenings, organized by what month they originally occurred.
January
2013: In 2023, it feels like the world is on fire. But it'll be OK if you just tell yourself, "this is fine" ... right? In 2013, , which over the years spawned a mass of internet memes.
1943: Casablanca opened nationwide in the U.S. The movie about refugees fleeing Nazi-occupied Europe included .
1923: Sam Phillips was born. The record producer brought the world Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison and B.B. King. He founded the legendary Memphis label Sun Records and was a key architect of rock 'n' roll. .
Also in 1923: a whole slew of ideas for a century in the future: "No More Hard Work By 2023!" (Note: It's not clear what month in 1923 these predictions were published, but we wrote about them in January.)
February
2003: The space shuttle Columbia disintegrated over Texas as it returned to Earth. Seven astronauts were killed. about what she remembered from that day and how the disaster affected future missions.
Also in 2003: Secretary of State Colin Powell saying Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein had "weapons of mass destruction." His claims turned out to be based on faulty information.
1993: Federal agents arrived at the compound of the Branch Davidian Christian sect near Waco, Texas. A gunfight ensued, during which five Branch Davidians and four federal agents were killed. The events led to a 51-day siege, ending with a fire that killed scores of people inside. that covers the standoff and the Branch Davidian leader, David Koresh.
1973: About 200 Native American activists , kicking off a monthslong occupation that helped galvanize the movement for Indigenous rights across the U.S. They aimed to protest corruption in tribal leadership and highlight the U.S. government's failure to honor Native treaties.
March
2003: President George W. Bush sent U.S. troops to invade Iraq, launching a war with profound effects for the U.S. and the Middle East. At least 270,000 Iraqis, mostly civilians, were killed, as were some 4,600 U.S. service members.
- Here are as it marked 20 years.
- NPR's Middle East editor was a reporter in Iraq in 2003. He remembers that .
- U.S., though most Americans have moved on.
- The U.S. military called the initial bombing campaign NPR's Eric Westervelt was embedded with the lead attack elements of the U.S. Army's 3rd Infantry Division. Here's . And as violence continued for years afterward.
- A college student, a U.S. Army intelligence officer, an Iraqi translator and a former U.S. Marine talked about .
1973: Pink Floyd released the classic album Dark Side of the Moon. NPR answered the burning question:
April
2003: The English translation of the was published. Using black-and-white comics, it told the story of a young girl who grows up in Iran during the 1979 revolution and its tumultuous aftermath.
1993: The World Wide Web , making it simple for anyone to navigate the internet.
1973: Anyone looking for authentic Indian recipes has likely come across Madhur Jaffrey's books. in 1973. She told NPR how she stays so passionate about food: "I love to eat. When you love to eat, you say, 'Oh, this is possible.' You keep thinking of the possibilities."
1948: The World Health Organization was founded "to promote and protect the health of all peoples." As the United Nations agency turned 75, eight global health specialists . Among them: thinking more about adolescent health and the ethics of new technology.
May
1963: Young students in Birmingham, Ala., peacefully marched to demand an end to segregation. The brutal response from white segregationists shocked the world and galvanized support for passage of the Civil Rights Act.
1948: Israel was established as a homeland for Jews, while the majority of Palestinians were displaced. The history continues to loom large in .
1873: Blue jeans were patented by Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss. Davis had the idea to add metal rivets at the stress points of denim work pants, making them stronger. Jeans have continued to evolve with our culture, .
June
2013: The Guardian and The Washington Post published articles about the National Security Agency's mass collection of data on American citizens, based on information provided by Edward Snowden. is that many Americans now better understand how governments and tech companies collect personal data.
1983: NASA mission specialist Sally Ride lifted off aboard the Challenger space shuttle to become the . It was part of a six-day mission that would orbit Earth and deploy communications satellites.
1973: Calypso artist Lord Shorty released "Indrani," a song that fused Indian instrumentation with African-influenced calypso rhythms. He's . (Note: It's not totally clear what month in 1973 this happened, but we're going with June .)
1963: Civil rights organizer Medgar Evers was shot and killed in his driveway in Jackson, Miss., by a white segregationist. While civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. pushed for equality across the U.S., Evers focused his .
1943: During World War II, Black and white U.S. soldiers . When Black soldiers stood up to racism and discrimination, one of them was shot dead, and more than 30 others were court-martialed for mutiny. The Battle of Bamber Bridge was a precursor to battles that would unfold on American streets during the Civil Rights era.
July
1963: The . (Did you know that's what ZIP code stood for?) The new codes, along with new sorting machines, made sorting the mail a whole lot faster. A cartoon mailman, Mr. ZIP, helped to promote the new effort.
Also in 1963: A group of Black girls was arrested during a march to desegregate a theater in Americus, Ga. in an abandoned stockade. Their parents didn't know where they were. It took an activist photographer taking surreptitious photos of their living conditions to pressure authorities to release them.
August
1993: The alternative rock band . If you listened to rock radio in the '90s, you definitely heard their song "Cannonball" at least one or 100 times.
1973: A DJ rocked a modest party for fellow teenagers in a small community room in a Bronx apartment building. It's considered , which has grown into .
1963: More than 250,000 people gathered for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. His . Clarence B. Jones helped King write the speech. He was watching from behind that day and could tell it was going to be memorable when .
In 2023, activists since the speech and to say that America had slid backwards in its fight against hatred and bigotry.
September
2003: Johnny Cash died. He had loomed large over American music for more than half a century. "in ways that could tell the story of those people's lives and, of course, initially his own."
1998: Florence Griffith Joyner, known as "Flo-Jo," died at age 38. She set records as the fastest woman to run the 100-meter and 200-meter sprints, which still stand today. .
1973: Salvador Allende, Chile's socialist president, was overthrown in a military coup. The country went on to be ruled by a right-wing dictatorship for 17 years, which killed and tortured thousands of people. The United States had helped set the stage for the coup. .
1963: Members of the Ku Klux Klan , killing four Black girls. Survivors of the blast say there are lessons for the country today as politicians seek to whitewash racist history.
October
2018: Saudi agents killed and dismembered dissident journalist Jamal Khashoggi inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Khashoggi was a U.S. resident and wrote for The Washington Post. U.S. intelligence concluded that Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman approved the operation. The crown prince has yet to face serious consequences, and the .
1993: The Nightmare Before Christmas was released in theaters. How did a weird little animated movie
1973: A group of Arab countries led by Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack against Israel, starting the Yom Kippur War. The brief conflict .
this year took place exactly 50 years and one day after the war's start.
1923: . Early ideas came from mathematician Charles Hinton and it was further refined by his son, Sebastian Hinton. The design has endured because of its simplicity. And it packs in just enough risk to be fun.
November
2003: The supersonic airliner , marking the end of a groundbreaking chapter in aviation history. The plane, which debuted commercially in 1976, could travel from London to New York in about 3 and a half hours. But it was also a gas guzzler, loud and expensive. A high-profile crash sealed its fate.
1963: President John F. Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas. and leaped on to shield JFK and Jacqueline Kennedy from any additional bullets that could have been fired. He felt guilty for the president's death for years, but was later praised for saving the first lady's life.
December
2013: Nelson Mandela died at age 95. He spent 27 years as a political prisoner before being elected president in South Africa's first democratic elections. that made him the voice of the movement against apartheid.
His granddaughter to describe how countries in the Global South are facing more dire impacts from climate change than rich countries. She says it's meant to be jarring and provocative.
1983: The Talking Heads recorded the acclaimed concert film Stop Making Sense. It was re-released in theaters in 2023. But what might have been most notable: . Frontman David Byrne also .
1973: . The celebrated movie isn't just typical horror — it raises questions about God, the devil, and how humans respond when bad things happen to good people.
1923: . More than 46 years after her death, she still looms large in the opera world. She was a game-changing opera singer, and at the same time a cultural icon, in spite or perhaps because of the hardships she faced.
Amy Morgan contributed research.
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